1. Spinning reserve refers to the utility practice of maintaining generators in an operational state so that they are prepared to deliver power to make up for the unanticipated loss of other generators. Spinning reserve resources are costly because of fuel, maintenance and other costs.
2. Combined cycle plants consist of a series combination of combustion and steam turbines. The thermal energy in the exhaust gases of the combustion turbine drives the heat recovery steam turbine.
3. Recent advances in high power electronic devices make possible power electronics systems that can provide similar services. The combination of power electronics and the T&D network is sometimes called the Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS). The IEEE includes SMES as one potential system in the FACTS ensemble. SMES is the most sophisticated of these systems in that it is the only system with significant stored energy and active power capability.
4. N.J. Simon, E.S. Drexler and R.P. Reed. “Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys at Cryogenic Temperatures,” NIST Monograph 177, U.S. Department of Commerce (1992).
5. H. Berg, M. Clausen, H. Herzog, G. Horlitz, H. Lierl, Report on operational experience and reliability of the HERA cryogenic system, in: “Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 39A,” Plenum Press, New York (1994), p. 75.