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5. The one exception to these findings comes from a drink-tasting study involving Korean first graders, seventh graders, and college students (Feldman, 1979 ). In this study, only the seventh grade females leaked. The males used a hamming strategy at every age level, and the strategy became more exaggerated with age. Female first graders also used hamming, while the college students used the natural reproduction strategy. While the details of the findings are in need of further explication, one general conclusion appears to be that the Korean subjects were better able to control their facial expressions than were the American subjects. Age Changes in Deceiving and Detecting Deceit 179