1. René Wellek and Austin Warren, Theory of Literature (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1949).
2. Victor Erlich, Russian Formalism, 2nd ed. (The Hague: Mouton, 1965).
3. Tzvétan Todorov, Poétique, 7 (1971), 275–333.
4. Roman Jakobson, Questions de Poétique (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1973).
5. Roman Jakobson, “Closing Statement; Linguistics and Poetics,” in Style in Language, ed. T. A. Sebeok (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1960), pp. 350–377.