Abstract
AbstractThis study is a crucial step in understanding the dynamics of the maternal immune response directed at paternal human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. HLA molecules are proteins on cell surfaces that play a critical role in immune system regulation. Our findings focus on the pivotal role of maternal antibodies targeting fetal HLA molecules in inhibiting antigen-induced activation of uterine immune cells, which is essential for successful pregnancies. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system that recognize and neutralize foreign substances. The primary focus is to unravel maternal anti-fetal rejection by drawing parallels to transplant rejection and emphasizing the role of allorecognition—the process by which an individual’s immune system recognizes and responds to antigens from another individual of the same species—in both cellular (involving immune cells) and humoral (involving antibodies) refusal. Although exploring anti-HLA antibodies in preventing fetal loss in patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion is captivating, there are still significant knowledge gaps that need to be addressed. Further studies are imperative to reveal the precise mechanism by which these antibodies generate and prevent maternal immune responses, critical determinants of pregnancy outcomes. It is vital to investigate the specificity of these antibodies and whether they exclusively target specific HLA molecules on trophoblasts (cells forming the outer layer of a blastocyst, providing nutrients to the embryo). This review paper not only offers insights into the development of these protective antibodies in pregnancy but also lays the foundation for future research on therapeutic implications, particularly in cases of recurrent spontaneous abortion.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC