1. Holland, J. H.: Genetic Algorithms and the Optimal Allocations of Trails, SIAM Journal of Computing, 2(2), (1973) 88–105.
2. Holland, J. H.: Adaptation In Natural And Artificial Systems, Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press, (1975)
3. Scales, E.: Introduction to Nonlinear Optimization, Springer-verlag, N. Y. (1985)
4. Bellman, R. E.: Dynamic Programming, Princetion Univ. Press, princetion, N. J., USA (1957)
5. Kirkpatrick, S., Gellat Jo, C.D., and Vecchi, M. P.: Optimization by Simulated Annealing, Science, Vol. 220, No. 4598, (1983) 671–680