1. Semler, M. W., Self, W. H., Wanderer, J. P., Ehrenfeld, J. M., Wang, L., Byrne, D. W., Stollings, J. L., Kumar, A. B., Hughes, C. G., Hernandez, A., Guillamondegui, O. D., May, A. K., Weavind, L., Casey, J. D., Siew, E. D., Shaw, A. D., Bernard, G. R., and Rice, T. W., Investigators S, the Pragmatic Critical Care Research G: Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 378:829–839, 2018.
2. Self, W. H., Semler, M. W., Wanderer, J. P., Wang, L., Byrne, D. W., Collins, S. P., Slovis, C. M., Lindsell, C. J., Ehrenfeld, J. M., Siew, E. D., Shaw, A. D., Bernard, G. R., Rice, T. W., and Investigators, S.-E., Balanced Crystalloids versus Saline in Noncritically Ill Adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 378:819–828, 2018.
3. Schwartz, D., and Lellouch, J., Explanatory and pragmatic attitudes in therapeutical trials. J. Chronic Dis. 20:637–648, 1967.
4. Rosenthal, G. E., The role of pragmatic clinical trials in the evolution of learning health systems. Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 125:204–216, 2014 discussion 217-8.
5. Activity ALHS, Roundtable on V, Science-Driven Health C, Institute of M, Observational Studies in a Learning Health System: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright 2013 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved., 2013.