Experimental simulation of wormhole sanding cavity pattern and microscopic mechanism in heterogeneous weakly-cemented sandstone

Abstract

AbstractSand production has been a shared problem in the development of weakly-cemented sandstone oil reservoirs. Sanding simulation and prediction are of utmost importance for the production optimization of this type of reservoir. For a long time, research on sand production has been centered on “what is produced from the formation,” such as the size and rate of produced sand. However, “what is left inside the formation,” which is the structural change of the rock after sanding, is also another intriguing and important topic for the management of sand-prone reservoirs. Some related studies have been carried out, and they have proposed that wormhole-like pore throat will appear after sand production, but the precise morphological description and formation mechanism are still lacking. A series of sanding simulation experiments are performed to deepen the understanding of the sanding cavity pattern and its mechanism. The experiments are carried out using a visual sanding simulation apparatus. Through this, the complex wormhole sand production patterns are found and classified into single-branch wormhole cavity patterns and multi-branch wormhole cavity patterns. The extension processes of those different patterns are also demonstrated. Besides, this work discusses the change in the reservoir flowability performance in wormhole sanding mode, and the near-well flowability might be improved by actively inducing weakly-cemented sandstone to create a bigger aperture wormhole sanding pattern. Through the visual microscopic system, the sand competitive detachment mechanism that induces wormhole extending is revealed, along with the cavities concurrent extension mechanism that induces multi-branch wormhole extending. Moreover, this work discusses the microscopic detachment forms which help explain the sand-produced rate from weakly-cemented sandstone. This work enhances and creates a novel understanding of the sanding patterns and mechanisms in weakly-cemented heterogeneous reservoirs, which is beneficial to providing direct guidance for sand production prediction and sand control optimization.