1. Patrick McGowan and Thomas Johnson, “Military Coups d’état and Underdevelopment: A Quantitative Historical Analysis,”Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 22 (December 1984), pp. 633–666.
2. World Bank,World Development Report 1983, (New York: Oxford University Press for the World Bank, 1983).
3. David Sanders,Patterns of Political Instability, (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981), pp. 59–63.
4. Donald G. Morrison and Hugh Michael Stevenson, “Political Instability in Independent Black Africa: More Dimensions of Conflict Resolution Within Nations,”Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 15 (September 1971), p. 348; and Patrick McGowan, “Predicting Political Instability in Tropical Africa,” in Michael K. O’Leary and William D. Coplin,Quantitative Techniques in Foreign Policy Analysis and Forecasting (New York: Praeger, 1975), pp. 35–78.
5. Morrison and Stevenson, op. cit., “, p. 349.