1. See especially, E. F. Biagini, Liberty, Retrenchment and Reform: Popular Liberalism in the Age of Gladstone, 1860–1880 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 379–425; D. A. Hamer, ‘Gladstone: the Making of a Political Myth’, Victorian Studies XXII (Autumn 1978) 29–50; Christopher Harvie, ‘Gladstonianism, the Provinces and Popular Political Culture, 1860–1906’, in R. Bellamy (ed.), Victorian Liberalism: Nineteenth-Century Political Thought and Practice (London: Routledge, 1990), pp. 152–74; Patrick Joyce, Visions of the People: Industrial England and the Question of Class 1848–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 49–50, 51–2; Jon Lawrence, Speaking for the People: Party, Language and Popular Politics in England, 1867–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 64, 172, 180–1, 195–6; Joseph S. Meisel, Public Speech and the Culture of Public Life in the Age of Gladstone (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp. 264, 272; Ann Pottinger Saab, Reluctant Icon: Gladstone, Bulgaria, and the Working Classes, 1856–1878 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991), pp. 64, 97, 110, 119, 124–5, 154, 179, 199–200.
2. Asa Briggs, ‘Victorian Images of Gladstone’, in P. J. Jagger (ed.), Gladstone (London: Hambledon, 1998), pp. 33–50.
3. Charles Dickens, Sketches by Boz: Illustrative of Every-day Life and Every-day People (Philadelphia, 1841), pp. 79–86.
4. Georg Simmel, ‘Sociology of the Senses: Visual Interaction’, in R. E. Park and E. W. Burgess (eds), Introduction to the Science of Sociology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), pp. 360–1.
5. Mary Cowling, Victorian Figurative Painting: Domestic Life and the Contemporary Social Scene (London: Andreas Papadakis, 2000), p. 106. See also Christopher Wood, Victorian Panorama: Paintings of Victorian Life (London: Faber and Faber, 1976), pp. 217–18.