1. Welfare pluralism was discussed by Norman Johnson, The Welfare State in Transition: The Theory and Practice of Welfare Pluralism, Brighton, Wheatsheaf Books, 1987.
2. Rose, ‘Common Goals but Different Roles: The State’s Contribution to the Welfare Mix’, in Richard Rose and Rei Shiratori (eds), The Welfare State East and West, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986, Chapter 1.
3. Alessandro Cigno, Economics of the Family, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1991, pp. 41–2.
4. On welfare as one of the ends of the state see Charles E. Merriam, Systematic Politics, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1946 (second impression), pp. 50–4 and 297.
5. On the general-welfare functions of the state see R.M. Mclver, The Web of Government, New York, Macmillan, 1947 (second printing), pp. 331–40.