1. E. Durkheim, The Division of Labour in Society cited in P. Harris, An Introduction to Law, London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989, p. 242. D. Garland, Punishment and Modern Society: a study in social theory, Oxford University Press, 1994, chaps 2 & 3.
2. A. H. Manchester, A Modern Legal History of England and Wales, 1750–1950, London, Butterworths, 1980, p. 191.
3. D. Hay, ‘Property, authority and the criminal law’, in D. Hay, P. Lindeburgh, J. G. Rule, J. G. Thompson and C. Winslow, Albion’s Fatal Tree: crime and society in eighteenth-century England, Allen Lane, London, 1975.
4. S. Petrow, Policing Morals: the Metropolitan Police and the Home Office, 1870–1914, Oxford University Press, 1994.
5. K. S. Williams, Textbook of Criminology, London, Blackstone Press, 1991, p. 19.