1. See further J. J. H. Dekker, ‘Children at-risk in the Netherlands in the nineteenth century: the philanthropical connection’, Aspects of Education. Journal of the Institute of Education, The University of Hull, 50 (1994), pp. 69–94. For the English situation, see D. Owen, English Philanthropy 1660–1960 (Cambridge, Mass., 1964), and for the French situation C. Duprat, Pour l’amour de l’humanité: le temps des philantropes, vol. I (Paris, 1993) and C. Duprat, ‘Des lumières au premier XIXe siècle. Voie française de la philanthropie’, in C. Bec (ed.), Philanthropies et politiques sociales en Europe (XVIIIe-XXè siècles) (Paris, 1994). no. 3–15.
2. Duprat, ‘Des lumières’, p. 15. B. Kirkman Gray, A History of English Philanthropy. From the Dissolution of the Monasteries to the Taking of the First Census (London, 1905, 1967 edn.), p. viii.
3. See J. J. H. Dekker, ‘The fragile relation between normality and marginality. Marginalization and institutionalization in the history of education’, Paedagogica Historica, 26, New Series, 2 (1990), pp. 13–29; B. Geremek, ‘Le marginal’, in J. Le Goff (ed.), L’homme médiéval (Paris, 1989) pp. 381–413; A. Farge, La vie fragile. Violence, pouvoirs et solidarités à Paris au XVIHe siècle (Paris, 1986).
4. S. J. Woolf, The Poor in Western Europe in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries (London and New York, 1986), p. 5
5. B. Geremek, The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris (Cambridge, 1987), pp. 2–3.