1. On the early period of Ottoman history, see Cemal Kafadar, Between Two Worlds. The Construction of the Ottoman State (Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 1995), esp. pp. 19–28, 47–59, 79–90, 118–54.
2. Gyula Káldy-Nagy, ‘The First Centuries of the Ottoman Military Organization’, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (henceforth A OH), 31 (1977), pp. 147–83.
3. Marshall Hodgson, The Venture of Islam. Conscience and History in a World Civilization 3. The Gunpowder Empires and Modern Times (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1974).
4. Halil İnalcik, ‘The Socio-Political Effects of the Diffusion of Firearms in the Middle East’, in V. J. Parry and M. E. Yapp (eds.), War, Technology and Society in the Middle East (London: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 204.
5. Vernon J. Parry, ‘La Manière de combattre’, in Parry and Yapp (eds.), War, Technology and Society, p. 224.