1. J. H. Galloway, “Northeast Brazil 1700–1750: The Agricultural Crisis Re-examined,” Journal of Historical Geography 1 (1975):21–28.
2. Also see Rae Flory, “Bahian Society in the Mid-Colonial Period: Sugar Planters, Tobacco Growers, Merchants, and Artisans of Salvador and the Recôncavo, 1680–1725” (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas, 1978), passim.
3. André João Antonil (pseudonym), Cultura e Opulencia do Brasil por suas drogas e minas, texte de L’edition de 1711, traduction et commentaire critique par Andrée Mansuy (Paris: Université de Paris, 1968), pp. 332–35.
4. The Portuguese, in turn, apparently consumed small quantities of foreign tobacco in addition to domestic and Brazilian varieties. Between Michaelmas (September 29) 1696 and March 1697, for example, 5,528 pounds of Virginia tobacco were exported from London to Portugal. C. M. MacInnes, The Early English Tobacco Trade (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Company, 1926), p. 168.
5. Jacob M. Price, France and the Chesapeake: A History of the French Tobacco Monopoly, 1674–1791, and of Its Relationship to the British and American Tobacco Trades, 2 vols. (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press 1973), 1:173–83.