1. Alan Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation State (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 14–17.
2. On these two parallel organizations see in particular Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe (New York: Free Press, 1990):
3. P. Gremion, Intelligence de l’anticommuniste: le Congress pour la liberté de la culture d Paris (1950–1975) (Paris: Fayard, 1995).
4. Some of the most useful estimations of American expenditure on covert action are contained in Gregory Treverton, Covert Action: The Limits of Intervention on the Post War World (New York: Basic Books, 1987), pp. 14, 18, 41.
5. Rebattet, ‘European Movement’, pp. 449–50; Kai Bird, The Chairman: John J. McCloy, The Making of the American Establishment (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), pp. 345–58.