1. For a recent re-statement of the ‘reinforcement’ position by senior World Bank staff see Vittorio Corbo and Stanley Fischer, ‘Adjustment Programs and Bank Support: Rationale and Main Results’, Chapter 8 in this volume. For an example of the ‘imposition’ perspective, see Robert Browne, ‘Conditionality: A New Form of Colonialism’ in Africa Report, September, 1984. For the ‘purchase’ argument, see Paul Mosley, Conditionality as Bargaining Process: Structural Adjustment Lending 1980–1986 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987).
2. Thomas Callaghy has argued that perception of having fallen into an economic ‘trough’ has been a crucial motivator for reform in Africa. See Callaghy, ‘Lost Between State and Market’, in J. Nelson (ed.), Economic Crisis and Policy Choice: The Politics of Adjustment in the Third World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).
3. See the critique in G.A. Cornia, R. Jolly, F. Stewart, Adjustment with a Human Face (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987).
4. Dani Rodrik, ‘How Should Structural Adjustment Programs Be Designed?’, World Politics, July, 1990.
5. G.K. Helleiner, ‘Structural Adjustment and Long-Term Development in Sub-Saharan Africa’, unpublished paper, 1989.