1. R. DeGrasse, Jr., ‘The Military and Semiconductors,’ in The Militarization of High Technology, ed. J. Tirman (Cambridge, MA: Ballinger, 1984), pp 77–104. The Minuteman II project subsidized Texas Instrument’s early IC production, and the NASA Apollo program played the same role for Fairchild. Between 1950 and 1960 annual factory sales of consumer electronics products showed no growth at all, while sales of electronic products to the military services increased 650 per cent, in constant dollars.
2. P. Forman, ‘Behind Quantum Electronics: National Security as a Basis for Physical Research in the United States, 1940–1960,’ Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 18, pt. 1 (1987), pp. 149–229; p. 160.
3. Quoted in B.W. Kubbig, ‘Determinants of Spin-off in the Context of SDI: the VHSIC Programme,’ in The Relations between Defence and Civil Technologies, ed. P. Gummett and J. Reppy (Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1988), p. 245.
4. W.J. Perry and L. Sumney, ‘The Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Program,’ in Review of US Military Research and Development, ed. K. Tsipis and P. Janeway (Washington, DC: Pergamon-Brasseys, 1984), pp. 33–45.
5. For a short history, see e.g., R.G. Hewlett and J.M. Holl, Atoms for Peace and War, 1953–1961 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), chapter 7. See also G. Thompson, ‘The Genesis of Nuclear Power,’ in The Militarization of High Technology, ed. J. Tirman, pp. 63–75.