1. I discuss this decline in detail in “‘We Can Make the Ariane, But We Can’t Make Washing Machines’: The State and Industrial Performance in Postwar France,” in George Ross and Jolyon Howarth, eds., Contemporary France (London: Frances Pinter, 1989), pp. 175–202.
2. See Susan N. Houseman, Industrial Restructuring with Job Security: The Case of European Steel (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991)
3. Bo Strath, The Politics of De-Industrialization: The Contraction of the West European Shipbuilding Industry (London: Croom Helm, 1987).
4. Laurent Fabius, industry minister (1983 to 1984) and prime minister (1984 to 1986), confided in an interview: “When a Left government makes an industrial decision that has human costs, it does so because if it does not make that decision the costs will be even greater. This is what I once called the Left’s ‘dirty job.’” Interview with the author, Paris, December 9, 1987.
5. I analyze restructuring in these industries at greater length in the following: “Industrial Crisis and the Left: Adjustment Strategies in Socialist France and Spain,” Comparative Politics 28, no. 1 (October 1995): 1–24; and “The Left’s Response to Industrial Crisis: Restructuring in the Steel and Automobiles Industries,” in Anthony Daley, ed., The Mitterrand Era: Policy Alternatives and Political Mobilization in France (New York: New York University Press, 1996), pp. 97–113.