1. Dye and Pickering (1974).
2. See Van der Merwe et al. (1974:27) in respect of South Africa, Higley et al. (1976:169) in respect of Norway, and Higley, Deacon and Smart (1979:65) for Australia.
3. Because of the ambiguity in the use of the term ‘elite’ in different studies, the comparisons with other societies do not necessarily refer to exactly the same category of people. They are nevertheless presented as a broad contextualization.
4. For example, America (Dye and Pickering, 1974), Brazil (Manwaring, 1978) and Norway (Higley et al., 1976:169). Among White South Africans (Van der Merwe et al., 1974:25), West Germans (Roberts, 1972:145) and Australians (Higley, Deacon and Smart, 1979:65) the elite were found to be in their fifties, while the average age of elites in Tanzania (Hopkins, 1971: 74) was 39.
5. Cf. Smit en Kok (1981:19).