1. Quoted in L. S. Stavrianos, The World Since 1500, 3rd edn ( Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1975 ) p. 343.
2. [Jean Charbonneau et al.] (comps), Historique des Troops Coloniales Pendant la Guerre, 1914–1918 (Fronts Extériers) (Paris, 1931) passim.
3. The Use of Native Troops’, South Africa, 11(1916) 182; J. F. Whiteacre Allen, ‘An African Army: Some Possibilities’, Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, 63 (1918) 660–2.
4. W. E. Burghardt Du Bois, ‘The African Roots of War’, The Atlantic Monthly, 115 (May 1915) 707–14.
5. This view was restated a few months later, most likely by Du Bois, in an unsigned article ‘Carrying the War Into Africa’, The Independent 85(1916) 264–6.