1. Dual leadership as a general phenomenon has only been examined to a limited extent. See however J. Blondel (1984), pp. 73-91.
2. Out of 410 ministers interviewed, only 28, mostly from Finland and Norway, stated that the minister of finance was not very influential.
3. D. Coombes and S.A. Walkland (eds) (1980), pp. 3-25.
4. N. Johnson (1983), p. 250. A. M. Gamble and S.A. Walkland (1984), pp. 155-69. M. Sexton (1979), pp. 52-5.
5. N. Johnson (1983), p. 249.