1. This confusion is to some extent unravelled in Jeremy Waldron, ‘Indirect Discrimination’, in S. Guest and A. J. Milne (eds) Equality & Discrimination: Essays in Freedom and Justice ( Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1985 ), pp. 93–100.
2. See D. D. Raphael, Problems of Political Philosophy ( London: Pall Mall, 1970 ), pp. 178f.
3. On the nature of groups and their relevance to discrimination, see O. M. Fiss, ‘Groups and the Equal Protection Clause’. Philosophy and Public Affairs 5.2 (1971), pp. 107–77, especially pp. 147–56.
4. See J. W. Nickel, ‘Discrimination and Morally Relevant Characteristics’, Analysis, 32. 4 (1972), pp. 113–14.
5. However, see R. Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (London: Duckworth, 1977), pp. 301, 318 and 330.