1. These characteristics are fundamental to the classical definition of cabinet government. As W. Bagehot states: ‘The cabinet, in a word, is a board of control chosen by the legislature, out of persons whom it trusts and knows, to rule the nation’ (The English Constitution, Fontana (1963), p. 67).
2. See, for instance, R.F. Fenno, Jr., The President’s Cabinet (1959), passim.
3. See P. Kellner and Lord Crowther-Hunt, The Civil Servants (1980), passim, for an examination of the relationship in the British context.
4. See also J.D. Aberbach, R.D. Putnam and B.A. Rockman, Bureaucrats and Politicians in Western Democracies (1981), Ch. 8.
5. The British reforms were initiated by Labour governments at the end of the 1960s and fully implemented at the beginning of the Thatcher government in 1979–80. See P. Norton (ed.), Parliament in the 1980s (1985).