1. In Tudor England young people were also perceived as a threat. In the 1590s Arthur Dent denounced those ‘many lozy losels and luskish youths both in towns and villages [who] … do nothing all the day long but walk the streets, sit upon the stalls and frequent taverns and alehouses.’ See Ilana Krausman Ben-Amos, Adolescence and Youth in Early Modern England (New Haven, CT, 1995) and the review by Peter Clark, TLS (10 March 1995) 14.
2. D. B. Quinn, ed., The Voyages and Colonising Enterprises of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, 2 vols (London, 1940) I, p. 72.
3. Laurence Stone, ‘Elizabethan Overseas Trade’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., II: 1 (1949–50) 30–58. In John Dee: The Politics of Reading and Writing in the English Renaissance (Amherst, MA, 1995), W. H. Sherman remarks that the concept of a balance of trade was something of an obsession in the late Tudor period. In many respects, Dee anticipated Hakluyt: ‘In a series of maps, treatises and conferences from the 1550s to the 1590s, Dee developed an expansionist program which he called “This British discovery and recovery enterprise”.’ However, most of Dee’s works remained in manuscript and were read by a relatively small — but select — group at the English Court: ‘They informed policies more than they spread doctrines’ (p. 149). Hakluyt, too, attempted to ‘inform policy’ when in 1584 he presented Queen Elizabeth with a manuscript entitled ‘A particuler discourse concerninge the greate necessitie and manifolde commodyties that are like to growe to this Realme of Englande by the westerne discoveries lately attempted’, better known as the ‘Discourse on Western planting’. See the recent edition by D. B. Quinn and A. M. Quinn (London, 1993).
4. D. B. Quinn, Richard Hakluyt, Editor: A Study Introductory of the Facsimile Edition of Richard Haklnyt’s ‘Divers Voyages’, 1582 (Amsterdam, 1967) pp. 32–3;
5. E. Arber, A Transcript of the Register of the Company of Stationers, 1554–1640, 5 vols, repr. ed. (Gloucester, MA, 1967) II: 411. In St John’s College, Oxford, there is a copy of the Divers Voyages in a contemporary binding with the initials ‘P S’ which may have originally belonged to Sir Philip Sidney. It seems that by dedicating his work to Sidney, Hakluyt hoped to bring the adventurer on board the expedition: Sidney did not actually invest in Sir Humphrey’s venture until 7 July 1582. Quinn, Richard Hakluyt, Editor, p. 27; Quinn, Gilbert, II, pp. 245–78. We would like to thank Prof. H. R. Woudhuysen for his correspondence on this matter.