1. The state-promulgated secular laws that Barani agreed were necessary for effective rule since the institution of kingship was itself un-Islamic. For a study of Barani’s thought, see M. Habib, Political Theory of the Delhi Sultanate (Allahabad: Kitab Mahal, 1960).
2. A. M. Hussain, trans., The Rehla of Ibn Batuttah (Baroda: Oriental Institute, 1953; 1976), 45.