1. Chris Agee, ‘Fiacc’s America’, Padraic Fiacc, Fortnight Supplement, 370, 1997, p.5.
2. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth (1967), p.32. English representations of the Irish as bestial are commonplace in both the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. See Roy Douglas, Liam Harte and Jim O’Hara’s Drawing Conclusions: A Cartoon History of Anglo-Irish Relations (1998), pp.47, 68, 73, 33
3. Terence Brown, in Northern Voices: Poets from Ulster (1977), p.147, argues that this static, simplified view of history is not uncommon in Irish poetry.
4. For a detailed account of these groups, see Andrew J. Wilson, Irish America and the Ulster Conflict 1968–1995 (1995), pp.22–40. Bitter divisions between and within the ACIF and NAIJ mirrored those between and within NICRA and PD back in Northern Ireland. The traditionally nationalist, conservative ACIF was founded by James Heaney a Protestant lawyer from Buffalo, whose family had emigrated from Derry during the Famine.
5. Maria McGuire, To Take Arms: A Year in the Provisionals (1973), qtd in Wilson, p.47.