1. Arthur Schopenhauer, ‘On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason’, in Two Essays by Arthur Schopenhauer (London: George Bell & Sons, 1889), pp. 42, 146. It is gratifying to find that R. L. Sturch in his survey of the cosmological argument comes to virtually the same threefold typology as I do: the Kalam argument, the causal argument, and the contingency argument (R. L. Sturch, ‘The Cosmological Argument’ [Ph.D thesis, Oxford University, 1972]).
2. William L. Rowe, The Cosmological Argument (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1975), pp. 3–4, 6–9.
3. John Herman Randall, Aristotle (New York: Columbia University Press, 1960), p. 135.
4. Fazlur Rahman, ‘Ibn Sina’, in A History of Muslim Philosophy ed. M. M. Sharif (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1963), p. 482.
5. Etienne Gilson, The Philosophy of St. Thomas Aquinas [Le thomisme], trans. Edward Bullough (Cambridge: W. Helfer & Sons, 1924), p. 57;