1. Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, trans. H. M. Parshley ( New York: Vintage, 1974 ), p. 717.
2. These and other illuminating distinctions are laid out in Nancy Chodorow’s “Gender, Relation and Difference in Psychoanalytic Perspective,” in The Future of Difference, ed. Hester Eisenstein and Alice Jardine (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1980), pp. 3–19.
3. Jessica Benjamin, “Master and Slave: The Fantasy of Erotic Domination,” in Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, ed. Ann Snitow, Christine Stan-sell, and Sharon Thompson ( New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983 ), pp. 28099.
4. Herbert Marcuse, “Philosophy and Critical Theory,” in his Negations: Essays in Critical Theory, trans. Jeremy J. Shapiro ( Boston: Beacon, 1968 ), pp. 134–58.
5. Max Weber’s thesis is elucidated in his The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. T. Parsons (New York: Charles Scribner, 1958).