1. This point has been emphasised by Johan Galtung in his ‘A Structural Theory of Imperialism’, Journal of Peace Research, No. 2 (1971).
2. See, for example, E. Wayne Nafziger and William L. Richter, ‘Biafra and Bangladesh: The Political Economy of Secessionist Conflict’, Journal of Peace Research, No. 2 (1976).
3. An important exception is the neo-classical analysis of the effects of tariffs on the distribution of income. See W. F. Stolper and P. A. Samuelson, ‘Protection and Real Wages’, Review of Economic Studies (1941).
4. An exception is the neo-classical analysis of the effects of tariffs on a country’s terms of trade. See Nicholas Kaldor, ‘A Note on Tariffs and the Terms of Trade’, Economica (Nov. 1940).
5. This view was whimsically presented by D. H. Robertson, who was neither a dissenter nor a radical, in his famous parable of the scientist and his servant. See Sir Dennis Robertson, Britain in the World Economy, ( London: Allen and Unwin, 1954 ) pp. 58–9.