1. Rapports, V: Histoire Contemporaine, Xle Congress International des Sciences Historiques;F Thistlethwaite,1960
2. reprinted in: Stanley N. Katz and Stanley I. Kutler (eds), New Perspectives of the American Past, Vol 2 (Boston, 1969). Rudolph Vecoli has also argued that Italian emigration was seldom the tragic epic as described in Oscar Handlin’s pioneering model (The Uprooted (New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1951)).
3. See Vecoli, ‘Contadini in Chicago: A Critique of The Uprooted’, Journal of American History, 51 (1964), reprinted in Leonard Dinnerstein and Frederick C. Jaher (eds), The Aliens (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1970). Jon Gjerde confirms that American social historians found little evidence to support Handlin’s ‘history of alienation thesis’. Instead, they found diverse and rich immigrant experience.
4. See Gjerde, From Peasants to Farmers: The Migration from Balestrand, Norway to the Upper Middle West (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
5. Charlotte Erickson ‘Emigration from the British Isles to the U.S.A. in 1831’, Population Studies, 35 (1981) p. 177; ‘Emigration from the British Isles to the U.S.A. in 1841, Part I’, Population Studies 43 (1989) p. 347.