1. Excluding Finland; B.R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics, 1750–1975 (New York: Facts on File, 1976, Table Bl).
2. O. Crisp, Studies in the Russian Economy Before1914 (London: Macmillan, 1976) p. 12.
3. See A. Gershenkron, Europe in the Russian Mirror – Four Lectures in Economic History, four lectures delivered at Cambridge, Lecture 4 (London: 1970).
4. Data excluding Finland and Poland.
5. As late as 1916, barely 20 per cent of the population lived in urban areas (Crisp, op. cit., p. 5).