1. See J. P. Scanlan, Marxism in the USSR. A Critical Survey of Current Soviet Thought ( Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1985 ), pp. 12–13.
2. A classic study is N. Leites, The Operational Code of the Soviet Politburo ( New York: McGraw-Hill, 1951 ).
3. The essentialist/mechanistic/cybernetic typology of approaches to the study of Soviet foreign policy — also applicable to the domestic sphere–is discussed in W. Zimmerman, ‘Choice in the Post-War World (1): Containment and the Soviet Union’ in C. Gati (ed.), Caging the Bear: Containment and the Cold War ( Indianapolis and New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1974 ), pp. 85–108
4. and by R. N. Cutler, Soviet Debates on the Conduct of Policy Toward Western Europe: Four Case Studies 1971–75 ( PhD thesis, University of Michigan, 1982 ), pp. 3–6.
5. For instance, H. G. Skilling and F. Griffiths (eds), Interest Groups in Soviet Politics (Princeton University Press, 1971 )