1. R. Schwab, ‘L’Orientalisme dans la culture et les littératures de l’Occident moderne’, Oriente moderno, vol. xxxII, no. 1–2 (1952) p. 136.
2. J. Berque, ‘Cent vingt-cing ans de sociologie maghrébine’,Annales, vol.xI, no. 3 (1956) pp. 299–321.
3. J. Berque and L. Massignon, ‘Dialogue sur les Arabes’, Esprit, vol. XXVIII, no. 280 (1960) p. 1506. On the relations between Orientalism and colonialism see these words of L. Massignon: ‘I myself, strongly colonial at the time, had written to him of my hope of an early armed conquest of Morocco, and he had replied approvingly… (letter no. 1 from In-Salah. 2nd Oct. 1906). It is true that Morocco was then in a terrible state. But fifty years of occupation, without Lyautey and his high Franco-Moslem ideals, would have left nothing of note’ (‘Foucauld au désert devant le Dieu d’Abraham, Agar et Iesma’, Les mardis de Dar-es-Salam (1959) p. 59).
4. Cf. M. Khalidi and O. Farroukh, Al-tabshir wal-instimar fil-bilad alArabbiyyah (Beirut, 1953 ).
5. K. Mueller, ‘Des Ostblock and die Entwicklungslander’,Das Parlament (12 July 1961) pp. 397–411.