1. Federalism is discussed here as a composite of the proliferation of plans for federal union which came out of the European Federalist Movement. For a discussion of the genesis of federalism see: Michael Burgess, Federalism and European Union: Political Ideas, Influences, and Strategies in the European Community, 1972–1987 (London: Routledge, 1989); Walter Lipgens, ed., Documents on the History of European Integration, vol. 1 (Berlin: de Gruyter for European University Institute, 1985); Richard May ne, John Pinder, and John Roberts, Federal Union: the Pioneers (London: Macmillan, 1990).
2. The definitive exposition of functionalism is David Mitrany, A Working Peace System: An Argument for the Functional Development of International Organizations (London: RIIA, 1943); idem, The Functional Theory of Politics (London: Martin Robinson, 1975).
3. Deutsch and co-authors’ empirical study of integration focused on the transatlantic community and its prospects for integration as opposed to strictly European integration represented by the European Community. Although we here seek to examine indigenous European cooperation in security affairs, as we have seen this topic has been integrally connected to larger transatlantic issues. Karl Deutsch et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience (New York: Greenwood Press, 1957).
4. Deutsch’s emphasis on community is similar to Hedley Bull’s international society within an anarchical society. Deutsch adds an emphasis on transaction and communication networks in building and maintaining communities. See Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (New York: Colombia University Press, 1977).
5. Charles Pentland, International Theory and European Integration (London: Faber & Faber, 1971), 47.