1. D. N. Chester, “Who Governs Britain?” Parliamentary Affairs, 1961–62, Vol. XV, p. 519–527. This is a review of John P. Mackintosh’s important historical study, The British Cabinet, 1962.
2. G. W. Jones, “The Prime Minister’s Power,” Parliamentary Affairs, Spring 1965, pp. 167–185.
3. Or, as Robert A. Dahl puts it, “When one hears that X is highly influential, the proper question is: ‘Influential with respect to what?’ ” (Modern Political Analysis 1963, p. 45). Analytically, power and influence may be fairly clearly separated when the Prime Minister’s formal institutional powers are being considered. Elsewhere the distinction becomes blurred. Thus, one tends to speak of power of appointment but of influence over policy. For practical purposes, it is possible in the latter case to use influence and power almost interchangeably.
4. John P. Mackintosh, The British Cabinet, 1962, p. 394.
5. Moran, Winston Churchill: the Struggle for Survival 1940–65, 1966.