Exploring natural killer cell-related biomarkers in multiple myeloma: a novel nature killer cell-related model predicting prognosis and immunotherapy response using single-cell study

Abstract

Abstract Background Natural killer cells (NKs) may be involved in multiple myeloma (MM) progression. The present study elucidated the correlation between NKs and the progression of MM using single-cell binding transcriptome probes to identify NK cell-related biomarkers. Methods Single-cell analysis was performed including cell and subtype annotation, cell communication, and pseudotime analysis. Hallmark pathway enrichment analysis of NKs and NKs-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were conducted using Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. Then, a risk model was structured based on biomarkers identified through univariate Cox regression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis and subsequently validated. Additionally, correlation of clinical characteristics, gene set enrichment analysis, immune analysis, regulatory network, and drug forecasting were explored. Results A total of 13 cell clusters were obtained and annotated, including 8 cell populations that consisted of NKs. Utilizing 123 PPI network node genes, 8 NK-related DEGs were selected to construct a prognostic model. Immune cell infiltration results suggested that 11 immune cells exhibited marked differences in the high and low-risk groups. Finally, the model was used to screen potential drug targets to enhance immunotherapy efficacy. Conclusion A new prognostic model for MM associated with NKs was constructed and validated. This model provides a fresh perspective for predicting patient outcomes, immunotherapeutic response, and candidate drugs.