Differentiation of ring-substituted bromoamphetamine analogs by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

Abstract There has been a rapid increase over the last decade in the appearance of new non-controlled psychoactive substances. Minor changes in the chemical structures of these compounds, such as the extension of an alkyl residue or replacement of a single substituent, are regularly made to avoid regulatory control, leading to the manufacture of many new potentially dangerous drugs. Bromoamphetamine analogs (bromoamphetamine [Br-AP] and bromomethamphetamine (Br-MA]) are ring-substituted amphetamines that can behave as stimulants, as well as exhibiting inhibitory activity towards monoamine oxidases in the same way as amphetamines. Gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS–MS) was used in this study to differentiate ring-substituted bromoamphetamine analogs. Free bases, trifluoroacetyl derivatives, and trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of six analytes were successfully separated using DB-1ms and DB-5ms columns. Electron ionization MS–MS analysis of the TMS derivatives allowed for the differentiation of three regioisomers. TMS derivatives of 2-positional isomers provided significant product ions. The spectral patterns of 3- and 4-positional isomers were different. Chemical ionization MS–MS analysis of free bases for [M+H–HBr]+ ions at m/z 134 and 148 allowed for differentiation of the regioisomers. The spectra of 2-positional isomers contained characteristic product ions formed by dehydrogenation at m/z 132 and m/z 146 for 2Br-AP and 2Br-MA, respectively. The spectra of 3-positional isomers contained α-cleaved iminium cations as the base peaks. The spectra of 4-positional isomers showed a tropylium cation at m/z 91 as the base peak. These results demonstrate that GC–MS–MS can be used for the differentiation of regioisomeric Br-AP analogs in forensic practice.