A revised classification of the sister tribes Palicoureeae and Psychotrieae (Rubiaceae) indicates genus-specific alkaloid accumulation

Abstract

AbstractTribes Palicoureeae and Psychotrieae (Rubiaceae, Gentianales) are complex and speciose sister groups with a pantropical distribution. Since the initial studies on ipecacuanha more than two centuries ago, species of the group have been subject to numerous phytochemical studies yielding diverse specialized ("secondary") metabolites, most of them alkaloids. However, the generic limits within the tribes have long been unclear and only recently, monophyletic genera have been delimited and segregated from a once broadly circumscribed Psychotria. Thus, a phylogeny-based and taxonomically updated review of phytochemical literature was performed which allowed assigning the bulk of phytochemical data previously reported for Psychotria to various segregate genera such as Carapichea, Eumachia and Palicourea. This review not only challenges the common perception of Psychotria as a monoterpene-indole alkaloid-rich genus. It also highlights that each of its relatives differs by accumulating specific groups of alkaloids, which is of major importance for understanding animal-plant interactions such as herbivory, as well as for drug discovery. The alkaloid complement of each of these genera is here enumerated and discussed, which should provide a framework for future studies addressing the biosynthesis, evolution, ecological and pharmacological significance of specialized metabolite differentiation in this abundant, ecologically and ethnopharmacologically important group.