1. Singer M. Introduction to syndemics: A critical systems approach to public and community health: Wiley. com; 2009.
2. Walkup J, Crystal S, Sambamoorthi U. Schizophrenia and major affective disorder among medicaid recipients with HIV AIDS in New Jersey. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(7):1101–3.
3. Blank MB, Mandell DS, Aiken L, Hadley TR. Co-occurrence of HIV and serious mental illness among Medicaid recipients. Psychiatr Serv. 2002;53(7):868–73.
4. Gottesman II, Groome CS. HIV/AIDS risks as a consequence of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1997;23(4):675–84.
5. • Blank MB, Himelhoch SS, Balaji AB, Metzger DS, Dixon LB, Rose CE. A Multisite Study of the Prevalence of HIV using Rapid Testing in Mental Health Settings. American Journal of Public Health. in press. The objective was to estimate HIV prevalence and risk factors among persons receiving treatment in mental health settings in Philadelphia and Baltimore. 1062 individuals were tested for HIV who were receiving services in three settings: University-based inpatient psychiatric units (N=288), assertive community treatment programs (ACT, N=273), and community mental health centers (CMHCs, N=501). The proportions with confirmed positive HIV test results were 5.9% for inpatient units, 5.1% for ICM programs, and 4.0% for CMHCs. HIV infection was associated with black race, homosexual or bisexual identity, HCV infection, and overall psychiatric symptom severity. The authors recommend routine opt-out testing for all inpatient and outpatient mental health treatment settings.