Approach à la Piola for the equilibrium problem of bodies with second gradient energies. Part II: Variational derivation of second gradient equations and their transport

Abstract

AbstractAfter the wide premise of Part I, where the equations for Cauchy’s continuum were retrieved through the energy minimization and some differential geometric perspectives were specified, the present paper as Part II outlines the variational derivation of the equilibrium equations for second gradient materials and their transformation from the Eulerian to the Lagrangian form. Volume, face and edge contributions to the inner virtual work were provided through integration by parts and by repeated applications of the divergence theorem extended to curved surfaces with border. To sustain double forces over the faces and line forces along the edges, the role of the third rank hyperstress tensor was highlighted. Special attention was devoted to the edge work, and to the evaluation of the variables discontinuous across the edge belonging to the contiguous boundary faces. The detailed expression of the contact pressures was provided, including multiple products of normal vector components, their gradient and a combination of them: in particular, the dependence on the local mean curvature was shown. The transport of the governing equations from the Eulerian to the Lagrangian configuration was developed according to two diverse strategies, exploiting novel differential geometric formulae and revealing a coupling of terms transversely to the involved domains.