Sex-specific ventricular morphology, function, and tissue characteristics in arterial hypertension: a magnetic resonance study of the Hamburg city health cohort

Abstract

Abstract Objective To determine the influence of arterial hypertension (AHT), sex, and the interaction between both left- and right ventricular (LV, RV) morphology, function, and tissue characteristics. Methods The Hamburg City Health Study (HCHS) is a population-based, prospective, monocentric study. 1972 individuals without a history of cardiac diseases/ interventions underwent 3 T cardiac MR imaging (CMR). Generalized linear models were conducted, including AHT, sex (and the interaction if significant), age, body mass index, place of birth, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hyperlipoproteinemia, atrial fibrillation, and medication. Results Of 1972 subjects, 68% suffered from AHT. 42% with AHT and 49% controls were female. Females overall showed a higher ejection fraction (EF) (LV: regression coefficient +2.4% [95% confidence interval: 1.7; 3.1]), lower volumes and LV mass (−19.8% [−21.3; −18.5]), and prolonged native septal T1 (+22.1 ms [18.3; 25.9])/T2 relaxation times (+1.1 ms [0.9; 1.3]) (all p < 0.001) compared to males. Subjects with AHT showed a higher EF (LV: +1.2% [0.3; 2.0], p = 0.009) and LV mass (+6.6% [4.3; 9.0], p < 0.001) than controls. The interaction between sex and AHT influenced mapping. After excluding segments with LGE, males (−0.7 ms [−1.0; −0.3 | ) and females with AHT (−1.1 ms [−1.6; −0.6]) showed shorter T2 relaxation times than the sex-respective controls (p < 0.001), but the effect was stronger in females. Conclusion In the HCHS, female and male subjects with AHT likewise showed a higher EF and LV mass than controls, independent of sex. However, differences in tissue characteristics between subjects with AHT and controls appeared to be sex-specific. Clinical relevance statement The interaction between sex and cardiac risk factors is an underestimated factor that should be considered when comparing tissue characteristics between hypertensive subjects and controls, and when establishing cut-off values for normal and pathological relaxation times. Key Points There are sex-dependent differences in arterial hypertension, but it is unclear if cardiac MR parameters are sex-specific. Differences in cardiac MR parameters between hypertensive subjects and healthy controls appeared to be sex-specific for tissue characteristics. Sex needs to be considered when comparing tissue characteristics in patients with arterial hypertension to healthy controls. Graphical Abstract