1. The term “EUrope” refers to the combination of the European Union and its member states, which act as a global actor.
2. European Commission, EU strategy towards China: Implementation of the 1998 communication and future steps for a more effective EU policy, Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament. COM (2001) 265 final, 15 May 2001.
3. European Council, “European Security Strategy - A Secure Europe in a Better World”, Brussels, 12 December 2003.
4. The State Council The People’s Republic of China, “China’s EU Policy Paper”, October 2003, http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2003/content_62478.htm.
5. Chang, Vincent K.L.., and Frank N. Pieke. 2018. Europe’s Engagement with China: Shifting Chinese Views of the EU and the EU-China Relationship. Asia Europe Journal 16: 317–331.