Review on synthesis of novel carbonyl derivatives of biological macromolecules by oxidation of polysaccharides with permanganate ion in alkaline media

Abstract

AbstractSynthesis of mono- and diketones as carbonyl group derivatives in biomacromolecular chemistry is very essential task for industrial biotechnology applications. However, there are various techniques to synthesize such carbonyl groups, the most common and efficient methods are the chemical oxidation of alcoholic biological macromolecule by suitable oxidizing agents. Therefore, diversified oxidants have emerged for such purpose, particularly for the derivatives of polysaccharides as natural polymeric carbohydrates in either acidic or alkaline solutions, however, the permanganate ion was found to be the most competitive oxidizing agent for clean and efficient synthesis of such carbonyl derivatives in alkaline media due to easy removal of formed Mn (IV) by complexation with fluoride ions, giving rise to the insoluble MnF4, which can be separated by filtration. Despite the extensive studies on the oxidation of organic compounds by alkaline permanganate. Little of knowledge regarding the type of electron transfer and transition states involved in the rate-determining processes during the oxidation of alcoholic macromolecules by this oxidant. In addition, the literature survey still remains suffering from a lack of information about the reaction kinetics, mechanistic in terms of the nature of electron-transfer and transition states in the rate determining steps of in such oxidation–reduction systems. All of the above arguments encouraged us to present the current review concerning the synthesis of either mono- or diketo derivatives of such homo (non-sulfated) or hetero (sulfated) polysaccharides using alkaline permanganate, aiming to compensate for the lack of information with respect to the nature of electron transfer pathway routes through pertinent interpretations and discussions, as well as to develop innovative methodologies for the synthesis of carbonyl derivatives of biological macromolecules with high potential applications in pharmaceutics and medicine as well as industrial biotechnology.