1. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
2. Batson, C. D., & Coke, J. S. (1981). Empathy: A source of altruistic motivation for helping? In J. P. Rushton & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Altruism and helping behaviour: Social, personality and developmental perspectives (pp. 167–187). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
3. Batson, C. D., Cowles, C., & Coke, J. S. (1979) Empathic mediation of the response to a lady in distress egoistic or altruistic? Unpublished manuscript. University of Kansas.
4. Batson, C. D., O’Quin, K., Fultz, J., Vanderplas, M., & Isen, A. (1983). Influence of self-reported distress and empathy on egoistic versus altruistic motivation to help. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 706–718.
5. Batson, C. D., Fultz, J., & Schoenrade, P. A. (1987). Distress and empathy: Two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences. Journal of Personality, 55, 19–39.