1. A.L. Cochrane, Effectiveness and Efficiency: Random Reflections on Health Services(Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, 1972).
2. Robert C. Ahlvin, “Biochemical Screening―A Critique,” New England Journal of Medicine283, 1970, 1084–1086.
3. Ivan Illich, Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health(New York: Pantheon, 1976).
4. Jean Marx, “The Annual Pap Smear: An Idea Whose Time Has Gone?” Science 205, 1979, 177–178.
5. For example, see Mark H. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought(New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1963); Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Genetics and American Society: A Historical Appraisal(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1972); Allan Chase, The Legacy of Malthus: The Social Costs of the New Scientific Racism(New York: Knopf, 1977); and Stephan L. Chorover, From Genesis to Genocide: The Meaning of Human Nature and the Power of Behavior Control(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1979).