Abstract
AbstractThis paper provides a comprehensive review on the effect of load inclination and eccentricity on the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. Regarding load eccentricity, Meyerhof’s intuitive formula $${B}{\prime}=B-2{e}_{b}$$
B
′
=
B
-
2
e
b
aligns well with finite element analyses, though it is slightly conservative. Analysis using finite element results revealed the more accurate formula $$B-1.9{e}_{b}$$
B
-
1.9
e
b
. Concerning load inclination factors, numerous such factors exist in the literature. However, most are either intuitive or derived from small-scale experimental results, rendering them unreliable due to the significant impact of model scale on the bearing capacity of footings. Based on numerical results, it is proposed that all inclination factors (namely $${i}_{c}$$
i
c
, $${i}_{\gamma }$$
i
γ
and $${i}_{q}$$
i
q
) can be reliably expressed by a formula of the form $${\left(1-{f}_{1}\cdot {\tan }\left({f}_{3}\delta \right)\right)}^{{f}_{2}}$$
1
-
f
1
·
tan
f
3
δ
f
2
, where $$\delta$$
δ
is the inclination angle of the loading with respect to the vertical, $${f}_{1}$$
f
1
and $${f}_{3}$$
f
3
are coefficients and $${f}_{2}=3$$
f
2
=
3
. The latter ensures smooth transition from the bearing capacity failure to the sliding failure as $$\delta$$
δ
increases. It is also observed that many $$i-$$
i
-
factors in the literature and various design standards employ an impermissible combination of sliding resistance at the footing-soil interface and Mohr–Coulomb bearing capacity failure under the footing. Moreover, it is shown that only the $${i}_{c}$$
i
c
factor depends on the angle of internal friction of soil. Finally, Vesic’s 1975 “m” interpolation formula largely falls short in accurately representing the effect of the direction of the horizontal loading.
Funder
Cyprus University of Technology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Reference64 articles.
1. Meyerhof GG, Hanna AM (1978) Ultimate bearing capacity of foundations on layered soils under inclined load. Can Geotech J 15:565–572. https://doi.org/10.1139/t78-060
2. Panwar V, Dutta RK (2021) Bearing capacity of rectangular footing on layered sand under inclined loading. J Achiev Mater Manuf Eng 108:1
3. Panwar V, Dutta RK (2023) Development of bearing capacity equation for rectangular footing under inclined loading on layered sand. Civ Eng Infrastruct J 56:173–192
4. Panwar V, Dutta RK (2022) Application of machine learning technique in predicting the bearing capacity of rectangular footing on layered sand under inclined loading. J Soft Comput Civ Eng 6:130
5. Dutta RK, Khatri VN, Kaundal N (2022) Ultimate bearing capacity of strip footing on sand underlain by clay under inclined load. Civ Environ Eng Reports 32:116–137. https://doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2022-0007