1. W. Grove, Phil. Mag. 14: 127 (1839). The first recognized paper on fuel cells.
2. L. L. Mond and D. Langer, Proc. Roy. Soc. London A46: 296 (1989). Practical development of Grove’s work.
3. F. W. Ostwald, J. Electrochem. 1: 122 (1894). Presidential address to Bunsen Gesellschaft; predicted pollution if heat engines are used for energy production. Recommended electrochemical pathway.
4. W. Jacques, Harper Mag. 94: 199 (Dec. 1896, 1897). Worked out in detail the reduction of fuel costs for a boat to cross the Atlantic using electrochemical or chemical engines.
5. E. Bauer, W. D. Treadwell, and G. Trumpler, Z.Elektrochem. 27: 199 (1921). First carbonate fuel cell.