1. Cf. F. Wieacker, Textstufen klassischer Juristen (1960) 239 ff., comparing the text with Ulpian, Collatio 12,7,7. Although the Digest report an actio utilis, it is more probable that the lawyers granted an actio in factum, modelled on the facts of the individual case.
2. Likewise, causing someone to starve could be regarded as occidere; see Ulpian/ Nertius, D. 9,2,9,2.
3. R. Zimmermann, The Law of Obligations (paperback ed. 1996) 979 f., 983, 1043 f.
4. T. Honoré, Are Omissions Less Culpable? in: P. Cane/ J. Stapleton (eds.), Essays for Patrick Atiyah (1991) 31 ff., 36 ff.; E. Deutsch, Allgemeines Haftungsrecht (2nd ed. 1995) no. 98 ff., further references within. For the ius commune see N. Jansen, Die Struktur des Haftungsrechts (2003) 307 f.: Here, culpa levissima was not sufficient for establishing liability in cases of omissions, because culpa levissima did not presuppose the breach of a genuine legal duty.
5. R. Zimmermann, The Law of Obligations (paperback ed. 1996) 1043.