1. In studies of working-class life, fatherhood is often elided with the role of husband, as in Carl Chinn’s Poverty Amidst Prosperity (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995) where the index refers interest in ‘fathers’ to ‘husbands’.
2. J. Humphries, ‘Protective Legislation, the Capitalist State and Working-Class Men: The Case of the Mines Regulation Act’, Feminist Review, 7, (1981), pp. 1–33; and
3. A. John, By the Sweat of Their Brow ( London: Croom Helm, 1980 ).
4. S. Rose, Limited Livelihoods, pp. 80–2; and E. Higgs. Rose, Limited Livelihoods, pp. 80–2; and E. Higgs, ‘Women, Occupations and Work in Nineteenth-Century Censuses’, History Workshop Journal, 23, (1987), pp. 59–80.
5. D. Hey, A History of Sheffield (Lancaster: Carnegie, 1998), p. 147;