1. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: A History of the World, 1914–1991 (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), xiii, 6, 14.
2. Modris Eksteins, Rites of Spring: The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1989)
3. Jay Winter, Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)
4. Wolfgang J. Mommsen, “Society and War: Two New Analyses of the First World War,” Journal of Modern History 47, no. 33 (September 1975): 530–8.
5. Mark Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (New York: Vintage, 1998), xi.